Many studies have shown that the influenza vaccine can reduce the risk of recurrent heart attack, sudden cardiac death, heart-related hospital admissions, and stroke. The effect of the pneumococcal vaccine on vascular events is more controversial. In the May 5, 2010 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, receipt of the pneumococcal vaccine was not associated with a subsequent decrease in the risk of acute heart attack or stroke among men aged 45 or older.

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